Pregnancy Related Complications Due To Lifestyle Modification.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Worldwide, there are so many maternal deaths per year. Pregnancy-related problems are a major cause of death for women. Unfortunately, pregnancy-related complications are a common occurrence for women, and they necessitate evaluations, because they have an effect on both the mother and the embryo or foetus. An important modifiable risk factor for pregnancy problems is the unhealthful lifestyle decisions made by obstinate mothers. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and caffeine use are among the worst lifestyle choices for mothers. Maternal age is also seen as a modifiable risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, while not being directly tied to lifestyle. The foetus is affected by maternal behaviors, sedentary lifestyle i.e. lack of exercise and diet. With a focus on the effects on birth outcomes, this article's objective is to quickly summaries the most recent research on the consequences of stress exposure and adverse emotional states (thus, anxiety and depression) during pregnancy. The focus of this review is on the connection between maternal lifestyle and unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.
Article Details
References
Chesnutt AN. Physiology of normal pregnancy. Critical care clinics. 2004;20(4):609-15.
Rossant J, Tam PPL. Exploring early human embryo development. Science. 2018;360(6393):1075-6.
Takakuwa T. 3D analysis of human embryos and fetuses using digitized datasets from the Kyoto Collection. The Anatomical Record. 2018;301(6):960-9.
Wells LJ, Boyden EA. The development of the bronchopulmonary segments in human embryos of horizons XVII to XIX. American Journal of Anatomy. 1954;95(2):163-201.
Julien E, El Omar R, Tavian M. Origin of the hematopoietic system in the human embryo. FEBS letters. 2016;590(22):3987-4001.
Gerri C, Menchero S, Mahadevaiah SK, Turner JMA, Niakan KK. Human embryogenesis: a comparative perspective. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 2020;36:411-40.
Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 1996;39(1):3-16.
Milad MP, Klock SC, Moses S, Chatterton R. Stress and anxiety do not result in pregnancy wastage. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998;13(8):2296-300.
Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Buss C, Lu MC. The contribution of maternal stress to preterm birth: issues and considerations. Clinics in perinatology. 2011;38(3):351-84.
Vianna P, Bauer ME, Dornfeld D, Chies JAB. Distress conditions during pregnancy may lead to pre-eclampsia by increasing cortisol levels and altering lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Medical hypotheses. 2011;77(2):188-91.
Corwin EJ, Guo Y, Pajer K, Lowe N, McCarthy D, Schmiege S, et al. Immune dysregulation and glucocorticoid resistance in minority and low income pregnant women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(9):1786-96.
Russell RB, Green NS, Steiner CA, Meikle S, Howse JL, Poschman K, et al. Cost of hospitalization for preterm and low birth weight infants in the United States. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):e1-e9.
Manuck TA, Rice MM, Bailit JL, Grobman WA, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, et al. Preterm neonatal morbidity and mortality by gestational age: a contemporary cohort. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2016;215(1):103-e1.
Bodeau-Livinec F, Marlow N, Ancel P-Y, Kurinczuk JJ, Costeloe K, Kaminski M. Impact of intensive care practices on short-term and long-term outcomes for extremely preterm infants: comparison between the British Isles and France. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):e1014-e21.
Vohr B. Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants. Clinics in perinatology. 2013;40(4):739-51.
Fawcett EJ, Fairbrother N, Cox ML, White IR, Fawcett JM. The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2019;80(4):1181.
Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Åström M, Bixo M. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months postpartum: a follow-up study. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2006;85(8):937-44.
Newton RW, Hunt LP. Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to low birth weight. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288(6425):1191-4.
Maes M, Song C, Lin A, De Jongh R, Van Gastel A, Kenis G, et al. The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine. 1998;10(4):313-8.
Petersen I, McCrea RL, Lupattelli A, Nordeng H. Women's perception of risks of adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes: a large-scale multinational survey. BMJ open. 2015;5(6):e007390.
Wilmer E, Chai S, Kroumpouzos G. Drug safety: Pregnancy rating classifications and controversies. Clinics in Dermatology. 2016;34(3):401-9.
Greene MF, editor FDA drug labeling for pregnancy and lactation drug safety monitoring systems2015: Elsevier.
Kamuhabwa A, Jalal R. Drug use in pregnancy: Knowledge of drug dispensers and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2011;43(3):345.
Van Katwijk C, Peeters LLH. Clinical aspects of pregnancy after the age of 35 years: a review of the literature. Human reproduction update. 1998;4(2):185-94.
Luke B, Brown MB. Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age. Human reproduction. 2007;22(5):1264-72.
Simchen MJ, Yinon Y, Moran O, Schiff E, Sivan E. Pregnancy outcome after age 50. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2006;108(5):1084-8.
Lean SC, Derricott H, Jones RL, Heazell AEP. Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2017;12(10):e0186287.
Jahromi BN, Husseini Z. Pregnancy outcome at maternal age 40 and older. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2008;47(3):318-21.
Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2005;192(6):1856-62.
Meyer MB, Tonascia JA. Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, and perinatal mortality. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1977;128(5):494-502.
Joseph P, Vettraino IM. Cannabis in pregnancy and lactation–A review. Missouri medicine. 2020;117(5):400.
Koto P, Allen VM, Fahey J, Kuhle S. Maternal cannabis use during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2022;129(10):1687-94.
Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 13-to 16-year-olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicology and teratology. 2003;25(4):427-36.
Cajachagua-Torres KN, El Marroun H, Reiss IKM, Jaddoe VWV. Maternal preconception and pregnancy tobacco and cannabis use in relation to placental developmental markers: A population-based study. Reproductive Toxicology. 2022;110:70-7.
Sirimi N, Goulis DG. Obesity in pregnancy. Hormones. 2010;9:299-306.
Davies GA, Maxwell C, McLeod L, Gagnon R, Basso M, Bos H, et al. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Obesity in pregnancy. No. 239, February 2010. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2010;110(2):167-73.
Andreasen KR, Andersen ML, Schantz AL. Obesity and pregnancy. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2004;83(11):1022-9.
Perlow JH, Morgan MA, Montgomery D, Towers CV, Porto M. Perinatal outcome in pregnancy complicated by massive obesity. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1992;167(4):958-62.