Review of the Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mrsa Infections

Abstract

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that help to cure bacterial infections by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria that are causing these infections. Antibiotics revolutionized modern medicine, as they were first introduced in the late 19th century and have since saved countless lives from bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can no longer be treated with commonly used antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is now a major public health concern worldwide, as it poses a significant threat to human health. In this article, we will discuss the causes, consequences, diagnosis method and possible solutions and treatment to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotics. The resistance can be intrinsic, which means that the bacteria naturally possess genes that confer resistance, or acquired, meaning that bacteria acquire resistance genes from other bacteria. Bacteria acquire resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, which can be mediated by plasmids, transposons, or bacteriophages. The resistant bacteria then become the dominant population that can spread and cause infections that cannot be cured by antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance has been recognized as a global health crisis, and it is on the rise due to a combination of factors, including overuse, misuse, and poor regulation of antibiotics in human(1) and veterinary medicine, agriculture, and the environment(2,3,4,5). It is estimated that up to 50% of antibiotics prescribed for humans are unnecessary or inappropriate, and the same is true for livestock and pets. In agriculture, antibiotics are widely used as growth promoters and prophylaxis for infectious diseases in food-producing animals, which can result in the selection and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and the environment. The use of antibiotics in aquaculture and crop production also contributes to the dissemination of resistant bacteria.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of bacteria that is resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin, amoxicillin, and oxacillin. This strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1960s and has since become a major public health concern worldwide(6,7,8).

MRSA is a serious infection that requires immediate medical attention. With the increasing prevalence of the disease, it is important to understand its causes, symptoms,  treatments and preventive measures.