Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy in Swiss Albino Mice: Anatomical, Behavioral, and Histopathological Evaluation of the Colostrum and Astaxanthin in the Retinas
Main Article Content
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells are damaged and insulin receptors become resistant in people with diabetes mellitus, causing an increase in blood sugar. Changing dietary and exercise habits are the primary cause of diabetes mellitus's development. When left untreated, diabetes mellitus may cause a number of secondary problems that diminish quality of life over time. DR, DKN, DN, and DCM are the four most common secondary consequences of diabetes. Glycated proteins and AGE are formed when glucose interferes with proteins, which is a major cause of the aforementioned difficulties. Furthermore, AGE are known to produce cellular oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, modification of ion channel states, and functional alterations of DNA & mRNA. In this publication, the effects of streptozotocin on the retinas of swiss albino mice are examined.
Article Details
References
Zhang X, Saaddine JB, Chou CF, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2018. JAMA. 2010;304(6):649-656.
Antonetti DA, Klein R, Gardner TW. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;366(13):1227-1239.
Simó R, Hernández C. Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;25(1):23-33.
Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Therapeutic targets for altering mitochondrial dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2017;22(3):233-245. doi:10.1080/14728222.2018.1435293
Sivaprasad S, Gupta B, Crosby-Nwaobi R, Evans J. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in various ethnic groups: a worldwide perspective. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018;57(4):347-370.
Zhang C, Li H, Li J, et al. Astaxanthin protects against early burn-wound progression in rats by attenuating oxidative stress-induced inflammation and mitochondria-related apoptosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41440.
Kim JH, Chang MJ, Choi HD, et al. Protective effects of dietary astaxanthin on paraquat-induced oxidative stress and immune system dysfunction in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(36):7826-7835.
Zhao Y, Li J, Xin M, et al. Astaxanthin protects against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017;52:146-153. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.022
Islam MS, Murad MF, Hossain MA, et al. Astaxanthin ameliorates STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy via PKC-mediated activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Life Sci. 2020;260:118319.
Singh D, Cho WC, Upadhyay G. Drug-induced diabetic retinopathy: Literature review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 (4):423-428.
Li Y, Li Y, Li X, Zhang X, Cui L. The effect of colostrum on gastrointestinal function, immunity and infection in human neonates. Pediatr Neonatol. 2020;61(1):7-14.
Hidayat M, Setiati TE, Amin M, Tanimoto H, Ono K, Sato M. Effect of astaxanthin on retinal damages induced by oxidative stress in a diabetic mouse model. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2019;67(1):84-91.
Chen X, Bai L, Feng K, et al. Astaxanthin protects against diabetic retinopathy through alpha5beta1 integrin receptor upregulation. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(6):35.
Kumar N, Patnaik S, Prasad R, et al. The protective effect of colostrum on streptozotocin-induced retinal damage in diabetic rats. Mol Vis. 2021;26:765-773. PMID: 33244223
Rattanawiwatpong P, Wanakhachornkrai O, Areevut C, et al. Astaxanthin attenuates cognitive deficits and oxidative stress induced by beta-amyloid peptide in rat hippocampus. Behav Brain Res. 2016;311:309-321.