A Cross-Sectional Study on Clinicopathological Evaluation of Acute Leukaemias at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: In terms of their clinical traits and physiological traits, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and Acute Myeloid Leukaemia are two haematological malignancies that are distinct from one another. The objectives of the current study were to identify and classify AL patients and to assess their clinicopathological characteristics using the WHO's 2016 categorization of ALs, revised 4th edition.
Materials and Methodology: 68 persons with an Acute Leukaemia diagnosis participated in this cross-sectional observational study. Through the use of peripheral blood smear analysis, bone marrow aspiration, flow cytometry, and cytogenetic and molecular testing, the diagnosis was made.
Results: Over the course of two years, 68 cases of Acute Leukaemia were discovered, of which 25 cases were Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and 43 cases were Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. According to the WHO's 2016 subclassification of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia, there were 20 cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormality, 21 cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia, Not Otherwise Specified, and 2 cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with Myelodysplasia Related Changes. Twenty PML-RARA positive cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormality, seven (8;21) RUNX1-RUNX1T1 cases, two NPM1 gene mutant cases, and one biallelic CEBPA case were all examined. Nine out of twenty-one cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with maturation fell into the Not Otherwise Specified grouping. B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia was more common than T cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in the subcategory of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Natural Killer cell Leukaemia cases were more likely to exhibit B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, Not Otherwise Specified group than B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormality.
Conclusion: Adopting the fourth edition of the WHO 2016 classification fosters uniformity in the reporting of cases of acute leukaemia, which makes it simpler to use targeted therapies and aids in prognosis forecasting. The WHO classification for acute leukaemia is still accurate, useful, and treatment-specific today.
Article Details
References
Arber, D. A., Orazi, A., Hasserjian, R. P., Brunning, R. D., Le Beau, M. M., Porwit, A., ... & Cazzola, M. (2017). Introduction and overview of the classification of myeloid neoplasms. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France: IARC, 13-27.
Azar, O. L., Kor, N. M. K., Ehsani, M. E., Aiubi, S. A., & Rahmani, F. A. (2016). Cytochemical Staining for The Detection Of Acute And Chronic Blood Leukemia. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology, VII(14), 46–52.
Bennett, J. M., Catovsky, D., Daniel, M. T., Flandrin, G., Galton, D. A. G., Gralnick, H. R., & Sultan, C. (1976). Proposals for the Classification of the Acute Leukaemias French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group. British Journal of Haematology, 33(4), 451–458.
Camitta, B. (2000). Childhood Leukemias by C-H Pui, MD (ed); Cambridge University Press, 1999, 567 pages. Leukemia, 14(7), 1332–1332.
Campo, E., Harris, N. L., Jaffe, E. S., Pileri, S. A., Stein, H., Thiele, J., & Vardiman, J. W. (2008). WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (Vol. 2, p. 439). S. H. Swerdlow (Ed.). Lyon: International agency for research on cancer.
Firkin, F., Chesterman, C., Rush, B., & Pennigton, D. (2008). De Gruchy's Clinical haematology in medical Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Ghosh, S., Shinde, S. C., Kumaran, G. S., Sapre, R. S., Dhond, S. R., Badrinath, Y. A., ... & Nair, C. N. (2003). Haematologic and immunophenotypic profile of acute myeloid leukemia: an experience of Tata Memorial Hospital. Indian journal of cancer, 40(2), 71.
Greaves, M. (2016). Leukaemia “firsts” in cancer research and treatment. Nature Reviews Cancer, 16(3), 163–172. (Greaves, 2016)
Iqbal, Z. (2012). Molecular Hematology in Leukemia Biology and Treatment: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Applied Hematology, 3(2), 55.
Karthik, S. (2020). Detection and Quantification of Epstein Barr Virus in Saliva and Subgingival Plaque of Paediatric patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia.
Muniraj, F. (2015). Classification of acute leukemias–past, present and future. IJSS Case Reports & Reviews, 1(12), 61-66.
Piller, G. J. (2001). Leukaemia–a brief historical review from ancient times to 1950. British journal of haematology, 112(2), 282-292.
Polliack, A. (1984). The contribution of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the diagnosis of human leukemias: Current status. Ultramicroscopy, 14(4), 387–388.
Soupir, C. P., Vergilio, J. A., Cin, P. D., Muzikansky, A., Kantarjian, H., Jones, D., & Hasserjian, R. P. (2007). Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute myeloid leukemia: a rare aggressive leukemia with clinicopathologic features distinct from chronic myeloid leukemia in myeloid blast crisis. American journal of clinical pathology, 127(4), 642-650.
Swerdlow, S. H., Campo, E., Pileri, S. A., Harris, N. L., Stein, H., Siebert, R., ... & Jaffe, E. S. (2016). The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 127(20), 2375-2390.
Vincent, P. (1990). de Gruchy’s Clinical Hematology in Medical Practice — 5th Ed. Pathology, 22(3), 176.